The plasmids encode a number of genes, including, transposases, multi-drug resistance proteins, and a ppGpp-regulated growth inhibitor (8). Plasmid-1 contains 66,320bp, Plasmid-2 contains 17,963bp, and Plasmid-3 contains 57,660bp. The three plasmids are circular DNA molecules identified as Plasmid-1, Plasmid-2, and Plasmid-3. The chromosome contains about 3,500 open reading frames (ORFs), about 1/3 of these ORFs have no assignable function (8). Strain V583 contains four DNA molecules: the main 3,218,030 base pair bacterial chromosome and three circular plasmids. faecalis is metabolically diverse and contains a wide range of regulatory systems. The genome of strain V583 was sequenced by The Institute for Genome Research (TIGR). faecalis V583, the first vancomycin-resistant isolate in the United States. The strain chosen for genome DNA sequencing was E. Reprinted here with premission from Stothand, Paulĭue to many public health dangers, the genome sequence data from a strain of Enterococcus was necessary. faecalis strian v583 Stothard Paul, Van Domselaar G, Shrivastava S, Guo A, O'Neill B, Cruz J, Ellison M, Wishart DS (2005) BacMap: an interactive picture atlas of annotated bacterial genomes. Enterococcal strains that are vancomycin-dependent have been found, but are rare and less common than vancomycin-resistant strains (referred to as “vancomycin-resistant Enterococci” or “VRE”) (1). faecalis are also resistant to teicoplanin. faecalis can transfer these plasmids by conjugation (2). Since the resistance genes are carried on a plasmid they are readily transferable, E. vanA and vanB pose the greatest threat because they are the most resistant and the resistance genes are carried on a plasmid.
In general, enterococcal isolates with lowered susceptibility to vancomycin can be categorized as vanA, vanB, and vanC. The Enterococci have the capacity to acquire a wide variety of antimicrobial resistance factors, which present serious problems in the management of patients with enterococcal infections (8). Enterococci have proven to present a therapeutic challenge because of their resistance to many antimicrobial drugs, “including cell-wall active agents aminoglycosides, penicillin and ampicillin, and vancomycin” (1). They are able to grow in 6.5% NaCl, can hydrolyze esculin in the presence of 40% bile salts and are pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and leucine arylamidase positive (8). Enterococci are typically catalase negative, and are anaerobic. Some possess the group D Lancefield antigen and can be detected using monoclonal antibody-based agglutination tests. In general, Enterococci are alpha-hemolytic. However, under certain growth conditions, they elongate and appear cocobacillary. Enterococci typically form short chains or are arranged in pairs. While there are over 15 species of the Enterococcus genus, 80-90% of clinical isolates are E. Enterococci can grow at a temperature range of 10 to 42☌ and in environments with broad pH values. They are associated with both community and hospital acquired infections. they are known to colonize the gastrointestinal and genital tracts of humans). Some strains are used in the manufacture of foods whereas others are the cause of serious human and animal infections (e.g. They can be found in soil, water, and plants. Bacteria Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Enterococcaceae EnterococcusĮnterococcus faecalis Description and significanceĮnterococci are Gram-positive cocci that can survive harsh conditions in nature.
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